Sunday, June 22, 2025

Money Power Manifesto for the Digital Age

 A Letter to Ourselves — We Who Forgot the Essence of Money

I.    Prologue: Where Did We Lose Our Way?

Today, humanity calls digital signals made of numbers and data “money,” believing them to be wealth and power. Banknotes and coins are mere shadows; all our exchanges now depend on digital records and signals.


Yet we have forgotten: money was never meant to be mere numbers. It began as a token of beholdenness—a record of someone’s generosity, of what was freely given and gratefully received. Wealth was not the accumulation of objects, but the circulation of relationships woven through gratitude.


Now we must ask again: how did we forget beholdenness, and become captive to indebtedness?


The answer lies in the origin of life  in humanity’s fundamental condition of lack or built-in scarcity. In nature, plants generate energy through chloroplasts. Animals, however, must extract energy from external matter using mitochondria.


Humans were born into this same "dependent nutrition" system(as heterotrophs — a system of dependent nutrition). Because we lacked self-sufficiency, we learned to desire what belonged to others  and to justify taking it.


Over time, this biological limitation solidified into a mindset of lack. Civilization took shape around competition, possession, and plunder, creating a structural economy of dependence.


And at the heart of this system was money  no longer a symbol of beholdenness, but a tool of control through indebtedness.

II.    The Insight of Hwanung*: Remembering Shinshi**

Yet 6,000 years ago, some ancestors who followed the teachings of Hwanung discovered a different path for humanity.


They realized that scarcity is not an external reality but a limitation of inner perception. True abundance is born not from accumulation, but from giving and re-giving(sharing).


They opened a new path. They built Shinshi, the radiant “economy of circulation,” founded on beholdenness. It was a living system of relationships in which voluntary surrender and gratitude flowed naturally as energy through a communal ledger.


At the center of that economy stood the token of beholdenness. These were not instruments of ownership, coercion, or physical transaction — they were records of care.

 

Just as food or labor given to the community returned later as care, the token simply preserved and reminded people of this flow. 


It carried the promise: “I have yielded for the sake of another. And you, too, shall yield for someone else.” This trust and this cycle were the true essence of communal wealth.


*Hwanung(ๆก“้›„): the ancient ancestor of Koreans.      **Shinshi(็ฅžๅธ‚): a divine city

III.    The Inversion of Currency: From Beholdenness to Indebtedness

But once again civilization lost its way. When the issuing of tokens was taken from individuals and placed in the hands of so-called “trusted institutions,” money ceased to be a promise of community and became a tool of domination.


Initially justified as a safeguard against fraud, and later as a necessity for “public trust,” currency issuance became concentrated in the hands of the powerful few.

 

And with it came a profound inversion: money could now be created without any giving. Power could now be exercised without any beholdenness.


As the original force of money—energy of voluntary sacrifice— was stripped away, they filled the void with phantom called “value.” And soon, the record of gratitude was replaced with the ledger of debt — indebtedness enforced by violence and law.


Credit — once another name for beholdenness — was now redefined. No longer a “negative(-) wealth”, it became an asset-like command over others as a “positive(+) wealth”. Thus, money ceased to be a symbol of appreciation and became a command of obligation — not a bridge of relationship, but a tool of subjugation.


Like sunlight mistaken for the sun itself, money is not wealth. Yet we still bow before false suns and hollow riches. 

 

IV.    The Declaration: Restoring Beholdenness and Opening the Gate of Infinite

We ask again: What is money?


We declare: Money is the memory of someone’s voluntary giving. It is the trace of beholdenness — nothing more, nothing less.


Humans are both private and public beings. Currency must serve as a medium of relational energy — not a substance of power.


We declare the restoration of the ethics of credit. Credit is not a number, but one of the deepest and most delicate promises shared between human beings. It breathes and grows only through gratitude and responsibility, through care and the giving-and-regiving of one another. 


On this ethical foundation — through beholdenness to one another in gratitude — we pledge to rebuild finance, to reimagine the economy as a living circulation of creativity, and to shape a society where empathy and trust are not exceptions but the rhythm of everyday life.


What we seek is not a new currency. What we seek is a new architecture of relationship — one grounded in trust and care. Finance should mediate human connection, and credit should record not risk, but human stories and possibilities.


We reject: All structures of indebtedness that use money to dominate others, and every violent system that manipulates the phantom of “value.”


We recover: The circular flow of generosity and gratitude.


We build: A non-political, non-coercive, and non-extractive monetary system fit for the digital age.


The sun does not charge us for its light. No one pays to bask in sunshine. Light belongs to no one, and no one may hoard it.


Records are not wealth. Trust cannot be printed. Gratitude cannot be stored, only shared. Yet these — and these alone — are the forces through which true wealth flows.


We will remember Shinshi again. And through beholdenness to one anotherwe shall open the Gate of the Infinite.


“A new currency presupposes a new human being. And a new humanity will create a new currency.”

Saturday, June 21, 2025

๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ Money Power ์„ ์–ธ๋ฌธ

ํ™”ํ์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์„ ์žŠ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค ์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ

์„œ๋ฌธ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋””์—์„œ ๊ธธ์„ ์žƒ์—ˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€

์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์ˆซ์ž์™€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋กœ ๋œ ์ „์ž ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ‘ํ™”ํ๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋ฉฐ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ณง ๋ถ€(ๅฏŒ)์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์ด๋ผ ๋ฏฟ๋Š”๋‹ค์ง€ํ์™€ ๋™์ „์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ž์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋ฉฐ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ตํ™˜์€ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์™€ ๊ธฐ๋ก์— ์˜์กดํ•œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์žŠ์—ˆ๋‹คํ™”ํ๋Š” ๋ณธ๋ž˜ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ฐฐ๋ ค์™€ ๋‚˜๋ˆ”์ฆ‰ 'ํƒ€์ธ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ๊บผ์ด ํฌ๊ธฐํ•œ ๋ฒ ํ’‚์˜ ํ–‰์œ„'๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฆํ‘œ์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งˆ์Œ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ ์‹ ์„ธ์ง(beholdenness)’์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด์—ˆ๊ณ ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ '๋ถ€(ๅฏŒ)์˜ ์ˆœํ™˜'์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„.

์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฌป์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค์™œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ‘์‹ ์„ธ์ง(beholdenness)’์„ ์žŠ๊ณ ‘์‹ ์„ธ์ง€์›€(indebtedness)์— ๊ธธ๋“ค์—ฌ์กŒ๋Š”๊ฐ€?

๊ทธ ํ•ด๋‹ต์€ ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ๊ธฐ์›์ฆ‰ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๊ฒฐํ•์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋œ๋‹ค์ง€๊ตฌ ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ์ง„ํ™” ์†์—์„œ ์‹๋ฌผ์€ ์—ฝ๋ก์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ๋™๋ฌผ์€ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์„ ์„ญ์ทจํ•œ ๋’ค ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ถ„ํ•ดํ•˜์—ฌ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์–ป๋Š”๋‹ค.

์ธ๊ฐ„ ์—ญ์‹œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ‘์ข…์† ์˜์–‘’ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์†์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ์กด์žฌ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐํ•์ด์—ˆ๊ธฐ์— ์ƒ์กด์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํƒ€์ธ์˜ ๋ชซ์„ ํƒํ•˜๊ณ ์•ฝํƒˆ์„ ์ •๋‹นํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐํ•์€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด๋‚ด๋ฉด ์ธ์‹์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋กœ ๊ณ ์ฐฉ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ ๋ฌธ๋ช…์€ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๊ณผ ์†Œ์œ ๊ฐ•ํƒˆ์„ ์ „์ œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ‘์ข…์†๊ฒฝ์ œ’๋ผ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์‹ฌ์žฅ๋ถ€์—๋Š” ๊ณ ๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ˜„๋Œ€์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•ด์˜จ ‘ํ™”ํ’๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋” ์ด์ƒ '๋ถ€(ๅฏŒ)๋ผ๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์˜ ์„ ์ˆœํ™˜'์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์ผ€ ํ•˜๋Š” '์‹ ์„ธ์ง(beholdenness)’์˜ ์ฆํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ‘์‹ ์„ธ์ง€์›€(indebtedness)’์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์˜ ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ ๋ณ€์งˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.

ํ™˜์›…์˜ ํ†ต์ฐฐ์‹ ์‹œ(็ฅžๅธ‚)์˜ ๊ธฐ์–ต

๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์•ฝ 6์ฒœ ๋…„ ์ „์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ์ด๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํ•˜๋Š˜์„ ์ด์€ ํ™˜์›…์˜ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์นจ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋˜ ์กฐ์ƒ๋“ค์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์•˜๋‹ค๊ฒฐํ•์€ ์™ธ์ ์ธ ์‹ค์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋‚ด๋ฉด ์ธ์‹์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ’์š”์™€ ์ถฉ๋งŒ์€ ๋ฐฐ๋ ค์™€ ๋‚˜๋ˆ” ์†์—์„œ ๋น„๋กœ์†Œ ์‹คํ˜„๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„.

๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธธ์„ ์—ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. '์‹ ์„ธ์ง(beholdenness)'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ๊ฐ์ •์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ํšŒ๋กœ, ์ฆ‰ ๊ธฐ๊บผ์ด ํฌ๊ธฐํ•จ๊ณผ ๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ์ˆœํ™˜๋˜๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์˜ ํšŒ๊ณ„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์‹ ์‹œ(็ฅžๅธ‚)๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฐฌ๋ž€ํ•œ ์ˆœํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 

๊ทธ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์—๋Š” ‘๋ฐฐ๋ ค์™€ ๋‚˜๋ˆ”์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊บผ์ด ํฌ๊ธฐํ•จ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก’์ฆ‰ ‘์‹ ์„ธ์ง(๊ฐ์‚ฌ)์˜ ์ฆํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ทธ ์ฆํ‘œ๋Š” ์†Œ์œ ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ธฐ์–ต์ด์—ˆ๊ณ ๊ฐ•ํƒˆ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์„ ๋ฌผ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค์˜ˆ์ปจ๋Œ€๊ณต๋™์ฒด ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋ฒ ํ‘ผ ์Œ์‹์ด๋‚˜ ๋…ธ๋™์ด ํ›—๋‚  ๋ณด์‚ดํ•Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋˜๋Œ์•„์˜ค๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์ฆํ‘œ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ธฐ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋„๊ตฌ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ–ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณง“๋‚˜๋Š” ํƒ€์ธ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธฐ๊บผ์ด ํฌ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ๋‹น์‹ ๋„ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธฐ๊บผ์ด ํฌ๊ธฐํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.”๋ผ๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ๋ฏฟ์Œ๊ณผ ์•ฝ์†์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์™€ ์ˆœํ™˜์ด ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ๋ถ€(ๅฏŒ)๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ๋ณธ์งˆ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.

ํ™”ํ์˜ ์ „๋„: ‘์‹ ์„ธ์ง์—์„œ ‘์‹ ์„ธ์ง€์›€์œผ๋กœ

๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฌธ๋ช…์€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ทธ ๊ธธ์„ ์žƒ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ‘์‹ ์„ธ์ง(๊ฐ์‚ฌ)’์˜ ์ฆํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๊ฐœ์ธ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์†Œ์œ„ ‘๋ฏฟ์„ ๋งŒํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์— ์œ„์ž„๋˜์–ด ์†Œ์ˆ˜ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์ž๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋…์ ๋˜๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ์•ฝ์†์—์„œ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์˜ ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ ์ „๋ฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด๋“ค์€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ์œ„์กฐ ๋ฐฉ์ง€๋ผ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ๋ช…๋ถ„์„ ๋‚ด์„ธ์› ๊ณ ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” ‘๊ณต๊ณต ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ํ•‘๊ณ„๋กœ ์ฆํ‘œ ๋ฐœํ–‰ ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค๋งŒ์˜ ์†์•„๊ท€์— ์ง‘์ค‘์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค.

๊ฒฐ๊ตญ๊ธฐ๊บผ์ด ํฌ๊ธฐํ•จ ์—†์ด๋„ ํ™”ํ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ˆœํ™˜ ์—†์ด๋„ ํƒ€์ธ์„ ์กฐ์ข…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.

์ฆํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋…”๋˜ ๋ณธ๋ž˜์˜ ํž˜๊ธฐ๊บผ์ด ํฌ๊ธฐํ•จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์ด ์™œ๊ณก๊ณผ ๋…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€์ž๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ ๋นˆ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฉ”์šฐ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ‘๊ฐ€์น˜๋ผ๋Š” ์œ ๋ น์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋ƒˆ๊ณ ๊ทธ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋Š” ‘์‹ ์„ธ์ง€์›€(indebtedness)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ•์••๊ณผ ํญ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ฑ„์›Œ์กŒ๋‹ค.

์ด ‘์‹ ์„ธ์ง€์›€(indebtedness)’์€ ๋ณธ๋ž˜ ‘์‹ ์„ธ์ง(beholdenness)’์˜ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ‘์‹ ์šฉ’์ฆ‰ ์•„์ง ์‹คํ˜„๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ž ์žฌ์  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ธ‘์Œ(-)์˜ ๋ถ€(ๅฏŒ)๋ฅผ์‹ค๋ฌผ ์ž์‚ฐ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์ ์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ‘์–‘(+)์˜ ๋ถ€(ๅฏŒ)๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์–ด ๋†“์•˜๋‹ค๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ™”ํ๋Š” ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์ฑ„๋ฌด์˜ ๋ช…๋ น์„œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ž‡๋Š” ๋งค๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ์ข…์†๊ณผ ์ˆ˜ํƒˆ์„ ์ •๋‹นํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์น˜ํ™”ํ๋กœ ์ „๋ฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค.

๋งˆ์น˜ ํ–‡๋น›์ด ํƒœ์–‘ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ๋“ฏํ™”ํ๋ผ๋Š” ์ฆํ‘œ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ถ€(ๅฏŒ) ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๊ฑฐ์ง“ ํƒœ์–‘๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ์ง“ ๋ถ€(ๅฏŒ) ์•ž์— ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์•„๋ฆฐ๋‹ค.

์„ ์–ธ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ์–ด์‹ ์„ธ์ง์˜ ํšŒ๋ณต๋ฌด์ง„์žฅ(็„ก็›กๅ ด)์˜ ๋ฌธ์„ ์—ด๋ฉฐ

์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฌป๋Š”๋‹คํ™”ํ๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€?”

์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„ ์–ธํ•œ๋‹คํ™”ํ๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๊บผ์ด ํฌ๊ธฐํ•œ ๋ถ€(ๅฏŒ)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ์–ต๊ณง ์‹ ์„ธ์ง(beholdenness)’์˜ ํ”์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ผ๋ฟ์ด๋‹ค์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ์กด์žฌ์ด์ž ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์กด์žฌ์ด๋‹ค. ํ™”ํ๋Š” ‘๊ด€๊ณ„๋ผ๋Š” ๊ณต์  ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ˆœํ™˜์„ ๋งค๊ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๋งค์งˆ(ๅช’่ณช)์ผ ๋ฟ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋กœ๋Š” ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์‹ค์ฒด์  ํž˜๋„ ์ง€๋‹ˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.

์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” '์‹ ์šฉ์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ'๋ฅผ ํšŒ๋ณตํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ ์–ธํ•œ๋‹ค์‹ ์šฉ์ด๋ž€ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊นŠ๊ณ ๋„ ์„ฌ์„ธํ•œ ์•ฝ์†์ด๋ฉฐ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์™€ ์ฑ…์ž„๋ฐฐ๋ ค์™€ ๋‚˜๋ˆ”์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ ์‚ด์•„ ์ˆจ ์‰ฌ๋ฉฐ ์ž๋ผ๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์„ ์–ธ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ‘์„œ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ์‹ ์„ธ์ง’์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ํ† ๋Œ€ ์œ„์— ๊ธˆ์œต์„ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ ์ฐฝ์กฐ์  ์ˆœํ™˜์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ƒํ˜ธ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์™€ ๋ฐฐ๋ ค๊ฐ€ ์ผ์ƒ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด ๊ฐˆ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‹ค์งํ•œ๋‹ค.

์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ™”ํ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€๋ฐฐ๋ ค์™€ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์งœ์—ฌ์ง„ '์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„'์ด๋‹ค๊ธˆ์œต์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งค๊ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด๋ฉฐ์‹ ์šฉ์€ ์ˆซ์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์„œ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋Š” ๋„๊ตฌ์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.

์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•œ๋‹คํ™”ํ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํƒ€์ธ์„ ์ง€๋ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ‘์‹ ์„ธ์ง€์›€(indebtedness)์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€, ‘๊ฐ€์น˜๋ผ๋Š” ํ™˜์˜(ๅนปๅฝฑ)์„ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ํญ๋ ฅ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„

์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํšŒ๋ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ‘๊ธฐ๊บผ์ด ํฌ๊ธฐํ•จ๊ณผ ‘๊ฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๋ฐฐ๋ ค์™€ ๋‚˜๋ˆ”์˜ ์ˆœํ™˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ.

์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•œ๋‹ค๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ๊ฑธ๋งž๋Š” ๋น„์ •์น˜์ ์ด๋ฉฐ๋น„๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์ด๊ณ ๋น„์•ฝํƒˆ์ ์ธ ํ†ตํ™” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„.

ํƒœ์–‘์€ ์–ด๋А ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ฒญ๊ตฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค์˜ˆ์ปจ๋Œ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ–‡๋น›์„ ์ฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ ์š”๊ธˆ์„ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹คํ–‡๋น›์€๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋„ ๊ทธ ๋น›์„ ๋…์ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ธฐ๋ก์€ ๋ถ€(ๅฏŒ)๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋Š” ์ธ์‡„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ €์žฅ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด์•ผ๋ง๋กœ ๋ถ€(ๅฏŒ)์˜ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์ˆœํ™˜์„ ์ด๋„๋Š” ํž˜์ด๋‹ค.

์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‹ ์‹œ(็ฅžๅธ‚)์˜ ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ๋˜์‚ด๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด์„œ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ์‹ ์„ธ์ง์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฌด์ง„์žฅ(็„ก็›กๅ ด)์˜ ๋ฌธ์„  ํ™œ์ง ์—ด ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.

“์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ†ตํ™”๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ธ๊ฐ„์ƒ์„ ์ „์ œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ธ๊ฐ„์ƒ์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ†ตํ™”๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.”


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Wednesday, December 21, 2022

๊ฒฌ์„ฑ(่ฆ‹ๆ€ง)๊ณผ ๋ˆ?

๋ฌผ๋ฌผ๊ตํ™˜์˜ ๋ถˆํŽธํ•จ์š•๋ง์˜ ์ด์ค‘์  ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋ฐ ๊ตํ™˜ ๋น„์œจ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•  ํ‘œ์ค€์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ์„ ํ•ด์†Œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™”ํ๊ฐ€ ์ถœํ˜„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๋“ฏํ•œ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ์  ์„ค๋ช…์„ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€ ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค

์˜คํžˆ๋ ค์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์ž David Graeber (1961-2020)๋Š” '๋ฌผ๋ฌผ๊ตํ™˜์ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋จผ์ € ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ํ›„์— ํ™”ํ๊ฐ€ ์ถœํ˜„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค'๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ๋’ค์ง‘๋Š” ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋“ค์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋งŽ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์นจ๋ฌต์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๊ด€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œํ™”ํ์˜ ์ถœํ˜„ ์ด๋ฉด์— ๊น”๋ ค ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ฌ์˜คํ•œ ํ˜•์ด์ƒํ•™์ ์—ด์—ญํ•™์  ์˜๋ฏธ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ„๊ณผํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ˜น์€ ์• ์จ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ๋ ค ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค์ •ํ†ต๊ณผ ์ด๋‹จ์„ ๋ง‰๋ก ํ•˜๊ณ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋‘๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์ด๋ก  ๊ตฌ์ถ•์— ๋ฌด์˜์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์—ด์—ญํ•™์ ํ˜•์ด์ƒํ•™์  ๊ฐ€์ •๊ณผ ์ „์ œ ์™ธ์— ์ผ์ฒด์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ ‘๊ทผ๊ณผ ๋น„์œ ๋ฅผ ์˜๋„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ—ˆ๋ฝํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด John Ruskin (1819-1900)์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ผฌ์ง‘๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

"์ธ๋ฅ˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ด€ํ†ตํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ง€๊ธˆ์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ๋กœ์žกํ˜€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ง์ƒ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ธฐ์ดํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€'๋„ˆ์™€ ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š์Œ'์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ํ•œ๋งˆ์Œ(social affection)์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง„๋ณด์™€ ๋ฐœ์ „์— ์œ ์ตํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ทœ๋ฒ”๊ณผ๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค์†Œ์œ„ ์ •์น˜๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ˜„๋Œ€ ํ•™๋ฌธ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ๋ง์ƒ ์œ„์— ์„ธ์›Œ์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."

๋‹จ๋„์ง์ž…์ ์œผ๋กœ๋ˆ ํ˜น์€ ํ™”ํ์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์€ 'ํž˜(ๅŠ›)' ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ‘ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ(=์ˆ˜์š”์ง€๊ธˆ ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ(ๅฏŒ)’์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด ์ฃผ๋Š”(=๊ณต๊ธ‰) ๋งˆ์ˆ ๊ณผ๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ํž˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค์ด๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœ ๋น„์œ ๋‚˜ ์€์œ ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ธ‰์„ ์กฐ์งํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ์‹œ์ผœ์ฃผ๋Š” ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ์†Œ์…œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์ด์ž ๋ถ€(ๅฏŒ)๋ผ๋Š” ‘์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ณ€ํ™˜๊ณผ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ๊ฐ€์†ํ™” ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋งค์งˆ๋กœ์˜ค์ง ‘์˜ํ˜ผ์„ ๋™๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„'์—๊ฒŒ๋งŒ ํ—ˆ๋ฝ๋œ ํ˜„๋ฌ˜ํ•œ ํž˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค

์ด ํž˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ '๊ฒฐํ•'๊ณผ '๊ณ ๊ฐˆ'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ๊ณ„์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ œ์•ฝ์„ ๋šซ๊ณ  '๋ฌด์ง„์žฅ(็„ก็›ก่—)'์œผ๋กœ ์ง„์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ์ข…(็จฎ)์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ž๊ธฐ์žฌ์ƒ์‚ฐ ์œ ์ง€๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก ์ž์‹ ๋“ค ์•ž์— ๋†“์—ฌ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ (physical)์ •์‹ ์  (metaphysical) ์ œ์•ฝ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ๊ฐœ๊ฐœ์ธ๋“ค์ด ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์ƒ์กด(็”Ÿๅญ˜)์„ ๋„˜์–ด ์ €๋งˆ๋‹ค์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ฑ ๋„˜์น˜๋Š” ์ž์œ ๋กœ์šด ์กด์žฌ๋กœ ํ˜„์กด(็พๅญ˜)์„ ๋ˆ„๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

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์ „์ฒด ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ PDF ํŒŒ์ผ๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ ค ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ


Thursday, June 4, 2015

๋…ธ๋ž˜๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ็ฆช่‚‰่ซ‡ ... A Rock Star Bucks A Coffee Shop

Heart of Gold (์–‘์‹ฌ)๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋ฅธ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜, Neil Young์ด Monsanto์™€ Starbucks๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•ด ์ Š์ž–๊ฒŒ ๋…ธ๋ž˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋…ธ๋ž˜ ์ œ๋ชฉ์„ ์ฐธ ์žฌ์น˜์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋ถ™์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -- A Rock Star Bucks A Coffee Shop




            ํ•œ์ž”์˜ ์ปคํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์‹œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์„ ๋ฟ, GMO๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์‹œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€๊ฑด ์•„๋ƒ
            ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ชฌ์‚ฐํ† ๋ฅผ ๋„์™€์ฃผ๋Š” ์ผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜ ํ•˜๋ฃจ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•„
             ....  

            (์˜๋ฌธ ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ)


์ž‘๋…„ 5์›”, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฒ„๋ชฌํŠธ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ฃผ(ๅทž) ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ์‹์ œํ’ˆ์— GMOs (Genetically Modified Organism ์œ ์ „์ž๋ณ€ํ˜•์ƒํ’ˆ) ํ‘œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฌดํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•์•ˆ์„ ํ†ต๊ณผ์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์˜ค๋Š” 2016๋…„ 7์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฒ•์  ํšจ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹ํ’ˆ์ œ์กฐํ˜‘ํšŒ (GMA: Grocery Manufacturer's Association) ๋“ฑ์€ ์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฒ„๋ชฌํŠธ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ์†Œ์†ก์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Starbucks๋Š” Monsanto, Coca Cola, Pepsi Cola, Nestle๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ๋ฒ„๋ชฌํŠธ์ฃผ์˜ GMO ํ‘œ์‹œ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” GMA์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.


Sunday, May 31, 2015

่ฌนๅผ” ... R.I.P. Aleksey Borisovich Mozgovoy



2015๋…„ 5์›” 23์ผ.
ํญํƒ„๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด์— ์˜ํ•ด
๋˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์–‘์‹ฌ(่‰ฏๅฟƒ)์ด
์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋Œ€์ง€์œ„์—์„œ 
ํŒŒ๊ดด๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Aleksey Borisovich Mozgovoy. ํ–ฅ๋…„ 40์„ธ